A major concern is the sharp fall in enrolment at higher levels. According to the Unified Information System for Education Plus 2024–25, enrolment stands at 82.2% in primary, 35.8% in higher secondary and only 28.4% in higher education. The National Education Policy aims for a 50% enrolment rate by 2035, but the goal remains far away. Low investment, financial gaps in universities and limited seats are restricting students.

Challenges persist from school to university. Schools face staff shortages and poor facilities, while secondary education struggles with outdated syllabi and skill gaps. Universities face reduced funding, vacant faculty posts and weak research output. Private universities offer better facilities, but high fees exclude most students, widening the inequality.

India’s job market demands skills in AI, biotechnology and digital fields, but the current system still encourages rote learning. Strong research investment, modern courses and skill-based programs are needed. States must design their own policy documents under NEP to ensure equal opportunities for every student.

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